Laser Spectroscopy and Laser Imaging

Developments in and applications of laser spectroscopy and laser imaging are growing rapidly. This book is a concise collection of laser analysis and imaging techniques, providing a solid overview of the field.

1. Introduction 1.1 Lasers and their impact on spectroscopy and imaging 1.2 The organization of the book 2. The Interaction of Light with Matter 2.1 Absorption and emission of radiation 2.2 Fluorescence and phosphorescence 2.3 Light scattering: elastic processes 2.4 Light scattering: inelastic processes 2.5 Breakthroughs ... and the cutting edge 3. The Basics of Lasers 3.1 The framework for laser action 3.2 Laser cavities: spatial field distributions and laser beams 3.3 Laser cavities: mode frequencies, line shapes and spectra 3.4 Laser cavities: temporal characteristics 3.5 Polarization and coherence properties of lasers and laser beams 3.6 Breakthroughs ... and the cutting edge 4. Laser Sources Based on Gaseous, Liquid or Solid-State Active Media 4.1 Parameters of importance for laser spectroscopy and laser imaging 4.2 Gas laser sources (mostly fixed frequency) 4.3 Dye lasers (tunable frequency) 4.4 Solid-state laser sources (fixed and tunable frequency) 4.5 Fiber laser sources 4.6 Breakthroughs ... and the cutting edge 5. Laser Sources Based on Semiconductor Media and Non-Linear Optic Phenomena 5.1 Semiconductor laser sources 5.2 Quantum cascade lasers 5.3 Laser sources based on non-linear optics - sum and difference frequency conversion 5.4 Laser sources based on non-linear optics - optical parametric Processes (down-conversion) 5.5 Remarks on laser safety 5.6 Breakthroughs ... and the cutting edge 6. Common Spectroscopic and Imaging Detection Techniques 6.1 Spectral and image information and their retrieval 6.2 Photon detection: Single-element devices 6.3 Photon detection: Multi-element array devices 6.4 Charged particle detection 6.5 Detection by indirect phenomena 6.6 Signals, noise and signal recovery methodologies 6.7 Breakthroughs ... and the cutting edge 7. Absorption Spectroscopy and its Implementation 7.1 Concepts of linear absorption spectroscopy 7.2 Line broadening and line shapes in absorption spectroscopy 7.3 Non-linear absorption spectroscopy 7.4 Multi-photon absorption processes 7.5 Key parameters and experimental methodologies in absorption spectroscopy 7.6 Breakthroughs ... and the cutting edge 8. Selected Applications of Absorption Spectroscopy 8.1 Basic methodologies based on broadband sources 8.2 Absorption spectroscopy using frequency-combs 8.3 Absorption spectroscopy using tunable diode and quantum-cascade laser sources 8.4 Cavity-enhancement techniques 8.5 THz-spectroscopy 8.6 Photo-acoustic and photo-thermal spectroscopy with lasers 8.7 Breakthroughs ... and the cutting edge 9. Fluorescence Spectroscopy and its Implementation 9.1 Fundamental aspects of the fluorescence emission 9.2 Structure of fluorescence spectra 9.3 Radiative lifetimes and quantum yield 9.4 Quenching, transfer and delay of fluorescence 9.5 Fluorescence polarization and anisotropy 9.6 Single-molecule fluorescence 9.7 Breakthroughs ... and the cutting edge 10. Selected Applications of Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy 10.1 LIF measurement instrumentation in spectro-fluorimetry 10.2 Steady-state laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy 10.3 Time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy 10.4 Laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy at the small scale 10.5 Breakthroughs ... and the cutting edge 11. Raman Spectroscopy and its Implementation 11.1 Fundamentals of the Raman process: excitation and detection 11.2 The structure of Raman spectra 11.3 Basic experimental implementations: key issues on excitation and detection 11.4 Raman spectroscopy and its variants 11.5 Advantages and drawbacks, and comparison to other "vibrational" analysis techniques 11.6 Breakthroughs ... and the cutting edge 12. Linear Raman Spectroscopy 12.1 The framework for qualitative and quantitative Raman spectroscopy 12.2 Measuring molecular properties using linear Raman spectroscopy 12.3 Raman spectroscopy of gaseous samples 12.4 Raman spectroscopy of liquid samples 12.5 Raman spectroscopy of solid samples 12.6 Breakthroughs ... and the cutting edge 13. Enhancement Techniques in Raman Spectroscopy 13.1 Waveguide-enhanced Raman spectroscopy 13.2 Cavity-enhanced Raman spectroscopy - CERS 13.3 Resonance Raman spectroscopy - RRS 13.4 Breakthroughs ... and the cutting edge 14. Non-Linear Raman Spectroscopy 14.1 Basic concepts for non-linear Raman spectroscopy 14.2 Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy - SERS 14.3 Toward ultra-low concentration and ultra-high spatial resolution Raman spectroscopy - SLIPSERS and TERS 14.4 Hyper-Raman spectroscopy - HRS 14.5 Stimulated Raman spectroscopy - SRS 14.6 Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy - CARS 14.7 Breakthroughs ... and the cutting edge 15. Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (Libs) 15.1 The method of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy 15.2 Qualitative and quantitative LIBS analysis 15.3 Selected LIBS applications 15.4 Breakthroughs ... and the cutting edge 16. Laser Ionization Techniques 16.1 Basic concepts of resonance-enhanced multi-photon ionization spectroscopy (REMPI) 16.2 Applications of REMPI in molecular spectroscopy and to molecular interaction processes 16.3 REMPI and analytical chemistry 16.4 Zero electron kinetic energy (ZEKE) spectroscopy 16.5 The technique of H-atom Rydberg tagging 16.6 Breakthroughs ... and the cutting edge 17. Basic Concepts of Laser Imaging 17.1 Concepts of imaging with laser light 17.2 Image generation, image sampling and image reconstruction 17.3 Super-resolution imaging 17.4 Breakthroughs ... and the cutting edge 18. Laser-Induced Fluorescence Imaging 18.1 Planar laser-induced fluorescence imaging (2D- and 3D-PLIF) 18.2 Fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) 18.3 Super-resolution microscopy 18.4 Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy based on single-molecule imaging 18.5 Breakthroughs ... and the cutting edge 19. Raman Imaging and Microscopy 19.1 Raman microscopic imaging 19.2 Surface-enhanced and tip-enhanced Raman imaging 19.3 Stimulated Raman loss (SRL) imaging 19.4 Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) imaging 19.5 Breakthroughs ... and the cutting edge 20. Diffuse Optical Imaging 20.1 Basic concepts 20.2 Basic implementation and experimental methodologies 20.3 Modelling of diffuse scattering and image reconstruction 20.4 Clinical applications of diffuse optical imaging and spectroscopy 20.5 Non-clinical applications of diffuse optical imaging and spectroscopy 20.6 Brief comparison with other medical imaging techniques 20.7 Breakthroughs ... and the cutting edge 21. Imaging Based on Absorption and Ion Detection Methods 21.1 Imaging exploiting absorption spectroscopy: From the macro- to the nano-scale 21.2 Imaging exploiting absorption spectroscopy: Selected applications in biology and medicine 21.3 Charged particle imaging: Basic concepts and implementation 21.4 Charged particle imaging: Selected examples for ion and electron imaging 21.5 Breakthroughs ... and the cutting edge