Engineering Karstology of Dams and Reservoirs

Karst terrains have been modified and adapted through a range of human activities as the need for flood control, irrigation, food production, hydropower production and other resources has increased. Successful reclamation projects require construction of dams and reservoirs. Karst terrains present the most complex working conditions for dam foundation and realization of safe reservoir space. Practical engineering solutions are extremely complex and the need for successful solution requires serious investigations and the cooperation of a wide spectrum of scientists and engineers. A wealth of data on dam projects in karst has been collected and presented in this book. Since reservoirs in karst may fail to fill despite extensive investigations and remediation treatment the book includes a description of failures as well.

General Introduction Karst and Engineering Distribution of Karst Types of Karst Introduction to Engineering Karstology Dams and Reservoirs in Karst Characterization of Karst Aquifers Karstification Specific Structural Features of Karst Porosity Role of Erosion and Evorsion in Karst Features Development Depth of Karstification Hydrogeological Properties of Karst Aquifer Karst Features Relevant to Dam Hydrogeology Turbidity The Regional Approach to Select Proper Sites for Dams and Reservoirs The Karst Types - Engineering Approach Geomorphological Properties Storage Properties of Valleys and Karst Depressions - Poljes Importance of Lithological and Geological Structures The Hydrogeological Role of the Base of Karstification Specific Methods of Investigations in Karst Karst Nature - Needs for Specific Investigations Properties of Discontinuities Piezometers and the Groundwater Regime Geophysical Methods Tracer Techniques Speleology Hydrogeological Investigations and Monitoring Methods to Determine the Permeability of Dam Foundation and Reservoirs Geological Settings of Dam Sites and Reservoirs Seepage Conditions in Karstified Rocks Investigation Boreholes Permeability Characteristics Derived From Pressure Tests and Groundwater Regime Analysis Karstification and Hydraulic Conductivity Adits (Investigation Galleries, Drifts) Waterproofing in Karst General Aspects Karst Features and Processes - Sources of Leakage Underground Waterproofing Surface Waterproofing Dams and Reservoirs Construction on Evaporites Evaporites - Risky Environment for Dam Construction Evaporites - General Characteristics List of Dam and Reservoir in Evaporites with Construction Problems Selected Case Studies Underground Dams and Reservoirs Underground Dams - New Challenges General Geological Properties as Prerequisite for Underground Dam Installation Selected Case Studies Modeling in Karst Modelling and its Limitation in Engineering Karstology Physical Models of Karst Aquifer Modeling Disturbances of Natural Flow Regimes due to Construction of Reservoirs Modeling the Consequences of Dam Construction on Processes of Karstification Leakage From Reservoirs - A Common Problem in Karst The Leakage - Key Problem in Engineering Karstology Case Studies of Leakage as Consequence of Progressive Erosion and Dissolution Collapses (Sinkholes) as Consequences of Reservoir Operation Acceptable Leakage Engineering and The Environmental Impact of Dams and Reservoirs in Karst Introduction Impact to Regional Regime of Surface and Groundwater Impact on Subterranean and Terrestrial Fauna and Archeological Material Submergence of Large Karst Springs by Reservoirs Reservoir Bank Storage Karst-triggered Seismicity Trans-boundary Problems and Groundwater Protection A Simplified Model of Trans-boundary Aquifers in Karst Trans-boundary Problems Common in Karst The Questions that Arise Groundwater Protection Zoning in Karst - A Conceptual Model A Catalog of Selected Dams and Reservoirs in Karst A List of Dams Known to be Constructed in Karstified Rocks List of Dams with Problems due to Large Caverns and Hypogene Karstification Dams with Successful Waterproofing During Construction Case Studies with Successful Corrective Works Dams with Unsuccessful or Partially Successful Remedial Works Redesigned Anti-Leakage Structures Dams and Reservoirs with Acceptable Seepage Losses Dams that were Displaced, Abandoned or have Limited use Reservoir Failures After Many Years of Operation Dams Under Design or Construction Abandoned Sites, Redesigned or Temporary Frozen Projects Tailings Dams and Ponds in Karst Dams for Submerged Spring Tapping