Risk-Reduction Methods for Occupational Safety and Health

Provides a thorough overview of systematic methods for reducing risks encountered in diverse work places Filled with more theory, numerous case examples, and references to new material than the original text, this latest edition of a highly acclaimed book on occupational safety and health includes substantial updates and expanded material on management systems, risk assessment methods, and OSH-relevant concepts, principles, and models. Risk-Reduction Methods for Occupational Safety and Health is organized into five parts: background; analysis methods; programmatic methods for managing risk; risk reduction for energy sources; and risk reduction for other than energy sources. It comprehensively covers both system safety methods and OSH management methods applicable to occupational health and safety. Suitable for worldwide applications, the author's approach avoids reliance on the thousands of rules, codes, and standards by focusing on understanding hazards and reducing risks using strategies and tactics. Includes more content on methods for reducing risks, citations of recent research, and deeper coverage of OSH-relevant concepts, theories, and models Merges methods and principles traditionally associated with occupational hygiene, ergonomics, and safety Provides substantial updates on management systems and theories of occupational incidents, and includes new case studies in many chapters to help demonstrate the "real world" need for identifying and implementing risk-reduction strategies Addresses occupational risks that go beyond current regulations and standards, taking an international approach by stressing risk-reduction strategies Supports adoption of the book for university courses by providing chapter-specific learning exercises and support materials for professors Risk-Reduction Methods for Occupational Safety and Health is ideal for safety professionals, system safety engineers, safety engineers, industrial hygienists, ergonomists, and anyone with OSH responsibilities. It is also an excellent resource for students preparing for a career in OSH.

Preface xii Acknowledgments xiv About the Companion Website xv Part I: Background 1 1. Contributions to Occupational Safety and Health 3 1.1 Contributions by Law Makers 3 1.2 Contributions by System Safety Specialists 6 1.3 Contributions by the Public Health Community 9 1.4 Contributions of Governmental and Private Organizations 12 1.5 Contributions from the Sciences and Engineering 15 Learning Exercises 15 Technical Terms 16 References 16 2. Key Terms and Concepts 19 2.1 Hazard 19 2.2 Risk 24 2.3 Risk Reduction 26 2.4 Concepts of Causation 27 Learning Exercises 32 Technical Terms 33 References 34 3. Mental Skills for OSH Professionals 35 3.1 Types of Cognitive Skills 35 3.2 Using Models for Safety Analyses 38 3.3 Using Charts and Diagrams 42 3.4 Summary of Part I 47 Learning Exercises 48 Technical Terms 49 References 50 Part II: Analysis Methods 51 4. Analyzing Jobs and Tasks 53 4.1 Basics of Job Hazard Analysis 53 4.2 Implementing JHAs into the Work 57 4.3 Example JHA 58 4.4 Hazard Analyses Similar to JHAs 60 Learning Exercises 61 Technical Terms 62 References 63 5. Using Risk?Assessment Methods 65 5.1 Risk?Assessment Processes - The Future of OSH 65 5.2 An Eight?Step Process 66 5.3 Example Risk Assessment 74 Learning Exercises 79 Technical Terms 80 References 80 6. Constructing Fault Trees 83 6.1 Common Symbols and Arrangements 83 6.2 Example Fault Trees 86 6.3 Example Success Tree 90 6.4 Common Mistakes 91 6.5 Additional Fault Tree Tools 92 Learning Exercises 94 Technical Terms 96 References 97 7. Analyzing Fault Trees 99 7.1 Analyzing Fault Trees Quantitatively 99 7.2 Identifying Cut Sets 105 7.3 Finding Common?Cause Failures 109 Learning Exercises 112 Technical Terms 113 References 114 8. Other Useful Analysis Methods 115 8.1 FMEA Reveals Potential Equipment Problems 115 8.2 HAZOP Leads to Safety Through Design 119 8.3 Bow?Tie Diagrams Support Communication 120 8.4 Layers of Protection Analysis Examines Multiple Barriers 123 8.5 Summary of Part II 123 Learning Exercises 125 Technical Terms 126 References 127 Part III: Programmatic Methods for Managing Risk 129 9. Managing OSH Programs 131 9.1 Clarifying OSH Program Aspirations 131 9.2 Influencing Safety Culture 132 9.3 Using a Management Systems Approach 136 9.4 Having an Ethical Policy for OSH 141 Learning Exercises 144 Technical Terms 144 Appendix: Example Code of Professional Conduct 145 References 146 10. Broadly Applicable Programs and Practices 147 10.1 Programs and Practices to Help People Perform Safely 147 10.2 Sanitation and Housekeeping Practices 158 10.3 Use of Safety Devices 159 10.4 Hazard?Specific Programs 162 10.5 Financial Aspects of OSH Programs 162 Learning Exercises 166 Technical Terms 169 References 170 11. Incident Investigation Programs 173 11.1 Closed?Loop Process 174 11.2 Policy Considerations 175 11.3 Investigative Processes 178 11.4 Events and Causal Factors Chart 181 11.5 Practical Analysis Tools for Incident Investigators 187 11.6 Learn from Prior Incident Investigations 192 11.7 Method for Modeling Harmful Occupational Incidents 193 Learning Exercises 195 Technical Terms 196 References 198 12. Human Error Reduction 199 12.1 Concepts of Errors 199 12.2 Comprehensive Classification System 203 12.3 Methods for Finding Feasible Countermeasures 205 Learning Exercises 206 Technical Terms 208 References 208 13. Risk?Reduction Strategies 211 13.1 Strategies, Tactics, and Applications 211 13.2 The Nine Strategies 215 13.3 Priority for Applying Strategies 219 13.4 Summary of Part III 221 Learning Exercises 222 Technical Terms 227 References 228 Part IV: Risk Reduction for Energy Sources 229 14. Kinetic Energy Hazards 231 14.1 Fundamentals of Energy and Mechanics 231 14.2 Mechanisms of Harming 236 14.3 Gravitational Energy Hazards: People and Objects Falling 238 14.4 Transportation Hazards: Travelers and Roadway Work Zones 245 14.5 Mechanical Hazards: People Interfacing with Machines and Equipment 253 Learning Exercises 258 Technical Terms 259 References 259 15. Electrical Energy Hazards 261 15.1 Electrical Energy as a Source of Hazard 261 15.2 Mechanisms of Harming 265 15.3 Strategies and Tactics for Electrical Energy 274 Learning Exercises 277 Technical Terms 278 References 279 16. Acoustic Energy and Vibration Hazards 281 16.1 Background on Noise and Vibration 281 16.2 Mechanisms of Harming 284 16.3 Strategies and Tactics for Noise Exposure 288 16.4 Strategies and Tactics for Vibration Exposure 292 Learning Exercises 295 Technical Terms 295 References 297 17. Thermal Hazards: Heat and Cold 299 17.1 Background on Thermal Hazards 299 17.2 Mechanisms of Harming 306 17.3 Strategies and Tactics for Thermal Hazards 310 Learning Exercises 315 Technical Terms 316 References 317 18. Fire Hazards 319 18.1 Fundamentals of Fire 319 18.2 Mechanisms of Harming 326 18.3 Strategies and Tactics for Fires 329 Learning Exercises 334 Technical Terms 335 References 336 19. Explosion Hazards 337 19.1 Background on Explosions 337 19.2 Mechanisms of Harming 338 19.3 Strategies and Tactics for Explosions 339 Learning Exercises 344 Technical Terms 345 References 345 20. Pressure Hazards 347 20.1 Overview of Pressure Hazards 347 20.2 Mechanisms of Harming 349 20.3 Strategies and Tactics for Pressure?Related Hazards 353 Learning Exercises 360 Technical Terms 361 References 362 21. Hazards of Electromagnetic Energies 363 21.1 Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Energy 363 21.2 Mechanisms of Harming 366 21.3 Strategies and Tactics for Electromagnetic Hazards 371 Learning Exercises 376 Technical Terms 376 References 377 22. Hazards of Severe Weather and Geologic Events 379 22.1 Background 379 22.2 Mechanisms of Harming 381 22.3 Strategies and Tactics for Weather and Geologic Events 386 22.4 Summary of Part IV 389 Learning Exercises 390 Technical Terms 390 References 391 Part V: Risk Reduction for Other Than Energy Sources 393 23. Workplace Conditions 395 23.1 Background 395 23.2 Walking Surfaces 396 23.3 Stairways and Steps 403 23.4 Ramps 407 23.5 Confined Spaces 408 23.6 Areas with Dusty Air 410 23.7 Areas with Mold 411 Learning Exercises 412 Technical Terms 413 References 414 24. Chemical Substances 415 24.1 Major Categories of Chemicals Encountered at Work 415 24.2 Mechanisms of Harming 417 24.3 Strategies and Tactics for Workplace Chemicals 421 Learning Exercises 424 Technical Terms 424 Appendix: Personal Protective Equipment for Chemicals 425 References 429 25. Biological Sources 431 25.1 Worker-Pathogen Exposures 431 25.2 Workers-Animal Encounters 436 25.3 Worker-Plant Exposures 441 Learning Exercises 442 Technical Terms 442 References 442 26. Musculoskeletal Stressors 445 26.1 Background on Musculoskeletal Stressors 445 26.2 Means by Which Musculoskeletal Stressors Can Harm 447 26.3 Useful Employee Surveys 452 26.4 Strategies and Tactics for Musculoskeletal Stressors 454 Learning Exercises 458 Technical Terms 458 References 459 27. Violent Actions of People 461 27.1 Workplace Violence 462 27.2 Terrorist Attacks 465 27.3 Summary of Part V 466 Learning Exercises 468 Technical Terms 468 References 468 Index 469