Power System Protection in Smart Grid Environments

Power System Protection in Smart Grid Environments illustrates fault analysis, relay technology, substation control and other related topics using DIGsILENT Power Factory. It also covers substation protection automation and control, protection of power systems and the foundations of smart grid and smart relay systems.

Section I Faults Analysis and Power System Protection Devices 1. An Overview of Smart Grid in Protection Perspective [T. Adefarati and Ramesh Bansal] 2. Fault Analysis [Patrick T. Manditereza] 3. Fuses and Circuit Breakers [Abhishek Chauhan, Padmanabh Thakur, and Ramesh Bansal] 4. Instrument Transformers [Rajiv Singh and Asheesh Kumar Singh] 5. Protective Relaying System [Senthil Krishnamurthy] Section II Transmission Line Protection 6. Medium Voltage Phase Overcurrent Feeder Protection [Martin J. Slabbert, Raj Naidoo, and Ramesh Bansal] 7. Bus-Bar Protection [Arvind R. Singh, Ranjay Singh, Abhishek Kumar, Raj Naidoo, and Ramesh Bansal] 8. Distance Protective Relaying System for Long Transmission Lines [Senthil Krishnamurthy] 9. Protection of Reactors and FACTS Devices [K. A. Nzeba, J. J. Justo, Aishwarya Biju, and Ramesh Bansal] Section III Equipment Protection: Motor, Transformer, Generator, Substation Automation and Control; Overvoltage and Lightening Protection 10. Transformer Protection [Patrick T. Manditereza] 11. Generator Protection System [T. Adefarati and Ramesh Bansal] 12. Induction Motor Protection [N. T. Mbungu, Ramesh Bansal, Raj Naidoo, and D. H. Tungadio] 13. Substation Automation and Control [Adeyemi Charles Adewole and Raynitchka Tzoneva] 14. Overvoltage and Earthing Protection [N. T. Mbungu, J. J. Justo, and Ramesh Bansal] Section IV Power Quality Issues, Reliability, Wide Area and System Protection; and Renewable DG Protection 15. Power Quality and Equipment Protection [Abhishek Chauhan, J. J. Justo, T. Adefarati, and Ramesh Bansal] 16. Reliability Assessment of the Distribution System in the Presence of Protective Devices [T. Adefarati and Ramesh Bansal] 17. Advances in Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control [Adeyemi Charles Adewole and Raynitchka Tzoneva] 18. Protection of Renewable Distributed Generation System [Rishabh Dev Shukla, Ramesh K. Tripathi, Padmanabh Thakur, and Ramesh Bansal] 1. An Overview of Smart Grid in Protection Perspective 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Major functions of a smart grid system 1.3 Features of the smart grid 1.4 Smart grid technologies 1.5 Sensing and measurement 1.6 Smart meter 1.7 Phasor measurement unit 1.8 Distribution energy resources 1.9 Peak load management 1.10 Smart grid automation 1.11 Grid code 1.12 Protection system in the smart grid 1.13 Importance of protection in the smart grid 1.14 Challenges of protective devices in the smart grid 1.15 Tutorial Problems 1.16 Conclusion References 2. Fault analysis 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Per Unit System - A review 2.3 Synchronous machine reactances 2.4 Effect of large motors on fault level 2.5 Network reduction technique for balanced fault calculation 2.6 Methods of reducing fault levels 2.7 Bus impedance matrix method of fault calculation 2.8 Symmetrical components 2.9 Unsymmetrical Faults 2.10 The bus impedance matrix in unbalanced fault calculation 2.11 Computer simulations 2.12 Tutorial Problems 2.13 Conclusion References 3. Fuses and Circuit Breakers 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Fuses 3.3 Circuit breakers 3.4 Tutorial Problems 3.5. Conclusion References 4. Instrument Transformers 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Shunts and Multipliers for Range Extension 4.3 Limitations of shunts and multipliers in range extension 4.4 Merits of ITs 4.5 Technical Performance Parameters of ITs 4.6. Current Transformers 4.7 Potential Transformers 4.8 Tutorial Problems 4.9 Conclusion References 5. Protective Relaying System 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Over current relays and characteristics 5.3 Differential relaysand their characteristics 5.4 Solved problems on protective relaying system 5.5 Conclusion References Section II: Transmission line protection 6. Medium Voltage phase Over current feeder protection 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Protection philosophy 6.3 MV network layout and components 6.4 Protection elements and functions 6.5 Let-through energy 6.6 Grading 6.7 Settings example (top-down method) 6.8 Interconnected network strategy 6.9 Adaptive Protection requirement 6.10 Worked examples 6.11 Tutorial Problems 6.12 Conclusion References 7. Bus Protection 7.1 General considerations of bus protection 7.2 Typical bus-bar arrangements 7.3 Bus faults 7.4 Bus protection requirements 7.5 Bus protection 7.6 CTs for differential protection 7.7 Bus differential protection 7.8 Bus bar differential protection with high impedance 7.9 Percentage restrained differential relay 7.10 Percentage differential bus bar protection technique numerical example 7.11 Partial Differential Protection 7.12 Directional Comparison Bus Protection 7.13 Tutorial Questions 7.14 Conclusion References 8 Distance Protective Relaying System for Long Transmission Lines 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Distance relays and characteristics 8.3 Communication assisted protection schemes 8.4 Distance protection setting on DigSilent Power Factory simulation tool 8.5 Distance protection setting on numerical relay 8.6 Solved problems on distance protective relaying system 8.7 Conclusion References 9. Protection of Reactors and FACTS Devices 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Principle of operation of reactors, SVC and STATCOM 9.3 Principles of Protection Strategies 9.4 Tutorial Problems 9.5 Conclusion References Section III: Equipment Protection: Motor, Transformer, Generator, Substation Automation & Control; Overvoltage & Lightening Protection 10 Transformer Protection 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Origins of transformer faults 10.3 Magnetising inrush 10.4 Overcurrent Protection 10.5 Earth fault protection 10.6 Differential protection 10.7 Differential protection types 10.8 Restricted earth fault (REF) protection 10.9 Transformer differential protection 10.10 Combined differential and REF protection 10.11 Differential protection application with an earthing transformer 10.12 Buchholz protection 10.13 Transformer winding temperature 10.14 Pressure release valve 10.15 Tutorial Problems 10.16 Conclusion References 11 Generator Protection 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Generator protection functions 11.3 Generator stator protection 11.4 Rotor protection 11.5 Protection for other systems 11.6 Conclusion 11.7 Tutorial Problems References 12 Induction Motor Protection 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Induction Motor Analysis 12.3 Equivalent circuit of Induction Motor 12.4 Overload/thermal protection 12.5 Start/stall protection 12.6 Short-circuit protection, 12.7 Earth fault protection, 12.8 Negative phase sequence protection 12.9 Protection of rotor windings 12.10 Under voltage/overvoltage protection, loss-of-load, protection 12.11 Motor protection solved and unsolved examples 12.12 Conclusion 13 Substation Automation & Control 13.1. Introduction 13.2. Substation Automation and Control using the IEC 61850 Standard 13.3. Communication Networks 13.4. Wide Area Data Exchange 13.5. System Engineering 13.6. Testing 13.7. Cyber Security 13.8. IEC 61850 Use Cases 13.9 Tutorial Problems 13.10 Conclusion References 14. Overvoltage and Earthing Protection 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Overvoltage 14.3 Insulation co-ordination, 14.4 Overvoltages Protection 14.5 Grounding system 14.6 Solved Problems 14.7 Tutorial Problems 14.8 Conclusion References Section IV: Power quality issues, reliability, Wide Area and System Protection; and Renewable DG Protection 15. Power Quality and Equipment Protection 15.1 Power Quality 15.2 Need of Power Quality Assessment 15.3 Evaluation of Power Quality 15.4 Frequency Variation as Power Quality Issue 15.5 Unbalance Voltage as Power Quality Issue 15.6 Harmonics 15.7 Solved Problems 15.8 Tutorial Problems 15.9 Conclusion References 16. Reliability aspects of Power System Protection 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Distribution power system 16.3 Protection system 16.4 Protective devices in the distribution power system 16.5 Power interruption 16.6 Reliability 16.7 Reliability indices 16.8 Concept of reliability 16.9 Reliability indices of the distribution system 16.10 Objective function 16.11 Results and discussions 16.12 Tutorial Problems 16. 13 Conclusion References 17 Advances in Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Synchrophasor Technology 17.3 System Planning and Functional Requirements 17.4 Real-Time Wide Area Monitoring Systems 17.5 Wide Area Protection and Control Schemes (System Integrity Protection Scheme) 17.6 Cyber Security in Synchrophasor-Based Systems 17.7 Example of a Cyber-Security Attack 17.8 Tutorial Problems 17.9 Conclusion References 18. The impact of DG penetration on protection & current protection practices 18.1 The impact of RDG/DG penetration on protection & Current protection practices 18.2 Factors affecting RDGs/DGs Protection 18.3 Protection with islanding operation (Anti-islanding) 18.4 Protection of Microgrids 18.5 Protection of Wind Energy Generation Systems 18.6 Protection of PV systems 18.7 Protection aspects for the future distribution network/system 18.9 Tutorial Problems 18.9 Conclusion References