Balancing Human Rights, Environmental Protection and International Trade

This book explores the means by which economic liberalisation can be reconciled with human rights and environmental protection in the regulation of international trade.

I. Introduction II. Structure of the Book PART I: THE EU EXPERIENCE 2. The Emergence of Human Rights and Environmental Protection in the EU I. The Protection of Human Rights in the EU II. The Protection of the Environment in the EU III. Human Rights and Environmental Protection in the EU: Conclusions 3. The Standing of Human Rights and Environmental Protection in the EU Legal Order I. Regulating the Interface between Economic and Non-economic Interests: The Rules of the Internal Market II. Human Rights and Environmental Protection as Free-Standing Objectives? III. Conclusions: The Significance of Sustainable Development and Proportionality in Balancing the EU's Economic and Non-economic Interests 4. The EU's Relations with Third States I. The Basis of External Competence of the EU II. The Exercise of EU Competence III. EU Competence in Relation to its Newer Objectives IV. The Effect of International Agreements in EU Law V. Concluding Comments 5. Human Rights and Environmental Protection in the EU's Relations with Third States I. Forms and Types of Agreement between the EU and Third States II. The Emergence of the Human Rights and Democracy Clause: Lome IV (1990) III. EU Enforcement of the Human Rights Clause IV. The Protection of the Environment in the EU's Relations with Third States V. Conclusions PART II: BALANCING ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC INTERESTS IN THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ORDER 6. The International Context: The WTO Legal Order I. The Framework for International Trade: The WTO ............... 196 II. The Relationship between WTO Law and International Law 7. Trade and Environment in the WTO Legal Order I. Background to the trade-environment nexus under the GATT/WTO II. Environmental Regulatory Measures and Dispute Settlement III. Emerging Environmental Measures Posing Particular Challenges for the WTO IV. Application of the Different Tests in the Determination as to Whether a Measure May Justify a Trade Restriction V. Conclusions 8. Human Rights Protection and WTO Law I. Background: International Human Rights Law and the WTO II. Unpacking the Interaction between Human Rights and WTO Rules III. Contrasting Approaches: The EU and WTO Approaches Compared IV. Conclusions 9. Effecting the Reconciliation of Competing Interests: Reconceptualising the Legal Framework I. The EU Experience II. Reconceptualising the Objectives of the WTO through the Lens of Sustainable Development III. Operationalisation of the Sustainable Development-Based Approach IV. Reconciling the Pursuit of Economic and Non-economic Interests: Lessons from the EU V. Concluding Comments